International Journal of Cancer Management
Volume:3 Issue: 2, Spring 2010

Verses in Holy Quran; 233 surat Al-Baghare, 15 Al-Ahghaf, 14 Loghman and 6 Al-Talagh, breastfeeding, gravidity, and parity recommended to the parents and expected their children to be accountable to the parents; particularly to mothers due to tolerate of pregnancy and breastfeeding duration. The case-control study included 376 patients diagnosed between 2001- 2006 and control group were 425 people. Two groups matched by demographic variants and socioeconomic status. The data inserted into SPSS -16. Logistic regression models used to examine the relations of the breast cancer risk with reproductive factors. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals computed as measures of association from the logistic models. All p-values reported two –sided. The Cases were more likely to be non pregnant. The parous women had a lower risk than nulliparous. The number of children reduced the risk of breast cancer; however it was significant only for 1-3 parities. The breastfeeding results showed it was significantly protective against breast cancer comparison with never breastfeeding. The breastfeeding trend was significantly protective against breast cancer. The parity and breastfeeding were effective in reduction of breast cancer risk. The results confirmed the recommendations of the Holly Quran and the messengers of Allah that parity and breastfeeding, (Eighteen to twenty four months for a child) have the best protective effect against breast cancer.

The Nottingham Prognostic Index (NPI) is widely-used in the UK for risk stratification of breast cancer patients. This paper aims to evaluate the ability of this index to detect patients with sufficiently low risk of recurrence that they could be spared harsh treatments، and to construct an enhanced prognostic rule that integrates biomarkers with clinical variables to achieve better risk stratification. We undertook review of published studies of outcomes in risk groups derived by applying NPI، and report estimated event-free rates extracted from papers found. Then we analysed biological and clinical variables for 401 ER+ patients، to develop a Tree-based Survival Model (TSM)، for risk prediction، and estimated event-free rates by resulting risk-groups، Kaplan-Meier (K-M) curves corresponding to TSM and NPI were plotted. We concluded that NPI does not distinguish low risk patients with a sufficiently high event-free rate to make it likely clinicians would decide treatments with potential harmful side effects can be avoided in that group. On the other hand، in the decision tree constructed، utilising 3 biomarkers، nodal status and tumour size، the 4 risk groups were clearly diverged in terms of event-free rates. There is considerable potential for improved prognostic modelling by incorporation of biological variables into risk prediction. Whilst low risk patients identified by our TSM model could potentially avoid systemic treatment، higher risk patients might require additional treatment، including chemotherapy or other adjuvant treatment options. However، the decision tree model needs to be validated in a larger clinical trial cohort.

Patients with malignant obstruction of the biliary tract suffer from progressive jaundice and purities, and if the obstruction is not relieved they will die from cholangitis, septicaemia or liver failure. The correct choice between many operative and non-operative procedures available to relive jaundice is not yet determined. Unresectable disease (perihilar cholangiocarcinoma) found at the time of open exploration can be treated with a palliative surgical biliary bypass such as modified Longmire technique. Eighteen (18) cases with unresectable hilar cholangiocarcinoma found at the operation underwent modified Longmire technique for biliary decompression. The mean preoperative bilirubin level was 22 mg/dl. The post operative mean total bilirubin level was below 5mg/dL about 1 month after surgery. During the follow-up period, averaging 22 months (max 6 years), jaundice recurred only near the death of these patients. There was 1 in-hospital death, and the median survival was 18 months (maximum 6 years). The operation completely relieved the jaundice, and excellent palliation was achieved for more than 85% of the survival time. We found this technique very effective to palliate patients mentioned above.

Analysis of human cancer serum has revealed the presence of high amounts of hyaluronan (hyaluronic acid، HA) when compared to human normal serum، It is well documented that HA and its receptors، known as hyaladherins (HABPs) are involved in matrix regulation، cell proliferation، migration and malignant tumour progression. These hyaladherins not only interact with hyaluronan at the matrix proper but also with hyaluronan at the plasma membrane as a cell surface receptors and thus influence cell physiology including secretion of this protein into the circulatory system. Normal serum and colon cancer serum samples were included in this study، using biochemical techniques such as gel permeation، strong anion exchange chromatography، single dimension electrophoresis and western blot analysis. This study is based on the clinical work of normal serum and colon cancer serum. The description of the procedure was given for the fractionation of serum proteins mainly HABPs from 20 normal and 15 colon cancer patients by using special biotinylated hyaluronan probe. To evaluate whether serum HABPs levels could be used as diagnostic marker for human cancer. The semi purified serum from normal and colon cancer patients showed mainly a major protein (57kDa) and a minor one (30kDa) by overlay experiments with b-HA probe and these results were confirmed by competition experiments with cold HA.

The development and progression of human tumors is accompanied by various cellular biochemical and genetic alterations. These events include tumor cells interaction with extracellular matrix molecules including hyaluronan and hyaluronan binding protein (HA-HABP). Hyaluronan is a large polysaccharide associated with pericellular matrix of proliferating، migrating cells، regulation of hyaluronan expression during cervical ripening. Its implication in malignant transformation، tumor progression and with the degree of differentiation in various invasive tumors has well accepted. It has been well known the role of HA receptors in tumor growth and metastasis in various cancer tissues. The procedure carried out by using 10 benign and 30 different grades of cervical cancer tissue samples to see the expression of HABPs protein by western blotting method. This study is based on the clinical work of benign tissue and cervical cancer tissue samples. The results indicated that it is a HABP. It conforms that 57KD protein could be a common marker. The HABP of 55-57KD and 30KD proteins، which were observed in western blot. It was shown by using a specific probe bHA for the detection of HABP، which recognizes all types of hyaladherins. Data suggests over-expression of H11 antigen (HABP) in tumor cells and it is an important parameter and a clinical diagnostic marker for all progressive human tumors.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third common malignancy all over the world. Modern life styles affecting nutritional habits have been providing a potential impact on CRC. This study aims to assess the nutritional characteristics in CRC patients of Golestan province, Northeast of Iran. All incident CRC cases (N=47) in northeast of Iran (2004-2005) and a matched number of healthy persons were selected as cases and controls respectively. The subjects filled the Questionnaires containing socio-demographic and nutritional characteristics (FFQ). Data analysis showed that Total Energy Expenditure (TEE) higher than 1837.5 Kcal/ day (first quartile of TEE) was significantly related to CRC risk (OR= 3.8; 95% CI: 1.2- 11.3); no other relationship was reported. Findings suggested that higher levels of total energy expenditure may increase the risk of CRC about 4-fold. We also found that there are relationships between CRC and high fat diets or cooking methods. Nutritional interventions should be considered as an important part in colorectal cancer prevention programs.

Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer among women all over the world and breast cancer is a disease where quality of life (QOL) has become a part of evaluation criteria for cancer therapy. The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of life (QOL) in breast cancer patients and its association with other factors. EORTC QLQ C30/+BR23 (European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer) Questionnaire was to quantify the quality of life of breast cancer patients. Two hundreds consecutive patients of breast cancer from Department of Clinical Oncology Mayo Hospital KEMU Lahore during May 2009 to November 2009 were enrolled in this study. We analyzed the impact of certain factors on QOL. The mean age of patients was 46.3±9.52 years with Global Health Status (GHS) quality of life score 48.33±27.77, in younger women better quality of life was observed than older patients (46.62 versus 42.30, P<0.05). In univariare analysis, body image, emotional functioning showed positive relationship while breast symptoms, arm symptoms and up-set by hair loss showed a negative relationship with global health status QOL scale (P<0.05). In multivariate analysis fatigue, pain, body image, breast symptoms were found significant predictors of QOL in breast cancer patients (P<0.05). This study showed poor QOL index in breast cancer patients and also investigated the strength of relationship between GHS QOL and other demographic factors (age, marital status, education) with EORTC-QLQ-C-30/+BR23 subscales which were found significant.

We present a rare case with history of neurological symptoms due to multiple brain metastases and no urological symptoms. During patient evaluation for primary tumor, transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of left renal pelvis was found. The patient underwent gamma knife stereotactic radio-surgery for the metastatic brain lesions. Radical nephroureterectomy was performed, and a 4-cycle course of paclitaxel and carboplatin chemotherapy was administered for the patient. The disease is stable and the patient is still alive after the 34 months follow-up duration.